Pathways to Support Mixed-Status Immigrant Families Receiving Federal Housing Assistance

Note: HUD released a prepublication copy of the rule on February 19, 2026, and it is scheduled to be published on the Federal Register on February 20, 2026.

Introduction

Recent and potential actions by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) could harm thousands of mixed-status immigrant families receiving federal housing assistance. Mixed-status families refer to households in which members have different immigration statuses. These families have traditionally been eligible for federal rental assistance, although the subsidy has been limited to those with legal status.

In March 2025, HUD signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to participate in immigration enforcement.^[1] In August 2025, HUD signaled that they would request that local public housing agencies (PHAs) provide information on program participants’ immigration statuses or potentially risk losing funding.^[2] In September 2025, ProPublica released a leaked draft of a proposed rule to exclude mixed-status households from receiving federal housing assistance.^{[3], [4]} In January 2026, HUD instructed PHAs to verify the immigration status of tenants following an audit of the federal housing system.^[5] These actions could increase the risk of deportations for HUD-assisted mixed-status families and create barriers to housing assistance for otherwise eligible families.

In addition to putting families at risk of separation due to deportation, HUD’s participation in immigration enforcement could lead to families preemptively leaving HUD-assisted housing due to fear of immigration enforcement. Should HUD enact the rule making mixed-status households wholly ineligible, mixed-status families will be forced to choose between losing housing assistance or separating so that only the eligible members remain.^[6] In the event of the loss of federal housing assistance, mixed-status households will urgently need support to remain stably housed.

This commentary summarizes the implications of federal actions targeting mixed-status households, proposes assistance that state and local governments and community-based organizations could provide, and highlights best practices for rapidly assisting mixed-status households through trusted community partners. The commentary draws on analyses of a previously proposed rule and other prior research. We also interviewed 11 stakeholders, including housing policy experts, PHA staff members, and leaders from community-based organizations serving immigrant communities.

Mixed-Status Households Receiving Federal Housing Assistance

HUD’s actions directly target mixed-status families, which are currently able to receive prorated housing assistance on behalf of eligible family members only. Under current HUD regulations, U.S.-born and naturalized citizens, permanent residents, asylees, and people with selected additional immigration statuses^[7] are eligible for HUD’s rental assistance programs, such as the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program, public housing, and project-based rental assistance.^[8] People with temporary student or work visas, Temporary Protected Status (TPS), or Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) are not eligible, nor are undocumented immigrants.^[9] In mixed-status families, the amount of the subsidy is pro-rated to those who are eligible. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities explains with this example: in a family of four where one parent is undocumented, and one parent and two children are citizens, the household would receive 75 percent of the monthly assistance amount compared to a two-parent, two-child household in which everyone is eligible.^[10]

The most recent publicly available data (from households served in 2024) counted almost 80,000 people in approximately 20,000 mixed-status families living in HUD-assisted housing across the country. The average mixed-status family was made up of two adults and two young children, where three family members were eligible for assistance. Most people in these households were Latine (86 percent), 56 percent were women or young girls, and 46 percent were children. A previous HUD analysis of 2017 data showed that roughly half of mixed-status households receiving assistance were recipients of Housing Choice Vouchers and the rest lived in public housing or properties supported by federal project-based rental assistance.^[11] This analysis also showed that these mixed-status households had an average household income of $18,000.

California had the largest number (7,190 households) of HUD-assisted mixed-status households, accounting for 36 percent of mixed-status households in the country. Mixed-status households were also concentrated in certain areas of the state. For example, earlier data showed that a disproportionate share of people in mixed-status households were served in Los Angeles. Most of these were citizen children living with at least one adult who had not claimed to be eligible for federal assistance.^[12]

HUD’s new rule that would make mixed-status families wholly ineligible largely reintroduces a prior version proposed in 2019.^[13] The proposed rule would require all household members to have eligible immigration status in order to continue living in HUD-assisted housing, meaning mixed-status families would no longer receive prorated assistance.

The rule would also require U.S. citizen applicants and recipients of federal housing assistance to submit documentation, such as a passport or birth certificate, to verify their citizenship status. Non-citizens who are 62 years of age and older would have to provide documentation to verify their age. Additionally, family members under 62 years of age would have to consent to the verification of their eligible immigration status by HUD and DHS.^[14] An estimated 9 percent of U.S. citizen adults—or 21.3 million people—do not have proof of citizenship on hand.^[15] If this rule is proposed and goes into effect, a substantial number of households could stop receiving housing assistance, despite being citizens or eligible immigrants.

Sudden loss of rental assistance could jeopardize household well-being^[16] and lead to housing insecurity and homelessness for many families, as well as negative health and education outcomes for children.^[17] Households will also need support in navigating the threat and impact of immigration enforcement (e.g., detention and/or deportation). The deportation of a family member may lead to economic instability for those left behind, which may also lead to housing insecurity and financial hardship. Additionally, research shows that separation from a parent or guardian because of detention or deportation could lead to increased anxiety and depression, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder among children.^[18]

HUD’s potential actions regarding mixed-status families could also have spillover effects. Property owners could experience disruptions from lost tenants and the subsidies they receive. In addition to greater administrative burdens, PHAs could be diverted from their core mission—terminating housing assistance rather than providing it, and becoming part of an immigration enforcement system.

Anticipating Implementation: State and Local Options to Keep People Housed

Government agencies and partner organizations should be prepared to provide emergency assistance quickly to mitigate the sudden loss of housing assistance, which may be challenging as they face other federal funding cuts and budget constraints. Philanthropic organizations can provide flexible funding to fill gaps in public resources or help increase the scale of publicly funded assistance. In places where resources are available, the following options could help maintain and/or expand current levels of assistance through existing infrastructure and in collaboration with nonprofit organizations.

There is a broad need for legal aid, including information on immigrants’ rights, tenants’ rights, immigration enforcement or deportation risks, and eligibility for public benefits. Legal aid organizations can serve as trusted sources of information about the options and assistance available in the event of federal changes in eligibility.^[19] Mixed-status households would benefit from tenants’ rights education, given the complexity of tenants’ rights ordinances and their variability between localities. There is also a growing need for legal assistance for families amid increasing Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids and mass deportation efforts. These actions, in combination with HUD’s agreement to participate in immigration enforcement with DHS, might lead to families leaving federally assisted housing even without any changes to eligibility.^[20] In the event that parents and children separate due to changes in eligibility, legal aid organizations could help establish guardianship for children if needed.

In the absence of ongoing federal assistance, state and locally funded rental assistance would help mitigate the sudden disruption for affected households. Given the high housing costs and low incomes for families in federal housing programs, state long-term rental subsidies and affordable housing units will be needed to promote housing stability for those affected by this rule. Several states and localities operate housing assistance programs that could offer the flexibility to fill gaps left by federal housing programs.^[21]

There is also evidence that time-limited rental assistance (e.g., rapid re-housing programs) for 12 to 24 months or shallow cash subsidies can give households the time they need to achieve housing stability.^[22] Mixed-status households who lose assistance from a Housing Choice Voucher might be able to extend their current lease by replacing the voucher with an alternate subsidy. For example, Los Angeles County approved about $30 million in emergency rental relief for residents affected by immigration enforcement and the January 2025 wildfires. The program provides up to $15,000 in rental assistance or mortgage payments for six months.^[23] Rapid re-housing programs across the United States have assisted hundreds of thousands of households in recent years; they could play a valuable role in serving households who have lost HUD assistance.^[24] The growing number of cash subsidy programs in places across the country could also be avenues for dedicated resources to reach these households.

If ongoing or time-limited subsidies aren’t feasible, one-time cash assistance could help prevent the worst impacts of a sudden loss of housing assistance. A growing body of evidence from emergency rental assistance and homelessness prevention programs shows that one-time assistance—often amounting to less than $10,000—significantly reduces the risk of homelessness.^[25]

Many affected households and individuals will also need one-time assistance to pay for moving expenses and security deposits, as well as help searching for and leasing new housing.^[26] Mixed-status households living in public housing or units subsidized by project-based rental assistance or project-based vouchers will need to find new housing, as will households with tenant-based vouchers who are unable to maintain their current leases. This form of assistance could flow through public housing agencies or existing homelessness prevention programs. If additional infrastructure is needed to reach families in need, emergency rental assistance programs created during the COVID-19 pandemic could also be reactivated.^[27] With sufficient resources, homeless service providers and public housing agencies could also scale up any housing navigation assistance they already provide to help subsidy holders search, apply for, and ultimately lease housing.

Best Practices for Implementation

In addition to providing emergency assistance to immigrant families losing housing assistance, it is important to shore up the capacity of community organizations to meet local needs. Working beside trusted community advocates can make transitions from federal housing assistance to alternative sources as seamless as possible. The existing literature and interviewees suggested several best practices for supporting mixed-status households and structuring financial assistance programs.

PHAs should keep staff, participating landlords, and tenants informed of federal policy changes, their potential impact, and available resources to support tenant stability.

To the extent possible in a rapidly shifting landscape, PHA leaders should keep their staff up-to-date with new HUD policies (e.g., data sharing, eligibility requirements) to ensure accurate information and provide support to affected households. For example, PHAs can circulate brief overviews on new and existing policies and other federal actions that are relevant to tenants, landlords, and other stakeholders. PHAs can also communicate the requirements and implications of the proposed HUD rule to families. PHAs can also determine whether families can temporarily delay when their assistance terminates, and they should clearly communicate eligibility criteria for those delays.^[28] If provided with appropriate training, PHA staff can meet with families individually to help them prepare for any immigration emergencies (e.g., interventions by ICE, detention, or deportation); encourage family planning in the event of forced separation; and offer referrals to trusted immigration services and resources.

Further, PHAs should maintain clear and consistent communication with landlords to share the latest status of the PHAs’ housing assistance payments and tenant eligibility.

Conduct targeted outreach through trusted community messengers.

Community organizations and legal aid organizations familiar with immigrant rights are crucial partners in helping families navigate federal policy changes and connecting them with available resources or programs. These groups are working closely with PHAs to prepare to help impacted families who will need additional support. Given the significant demands for assistance that these organizations currently face, they will need additional resources to provide outreach for rental assistance and know-your-rights resources. Community messengers are also well-suited to update households on their rights amid federal policy changes—such as California’s 2025 legislation that limits immigration enforcement in schools, child care facilities, and health care facilities.^[29]

PHAs and other housing assistance providers can also work closely with trusted community-based institutions, including schools or churches, to effectively reach immigrant communities. During the pandemic, for example, community-based organizations helped immigrant families connect with emergency rental assistance programs, supporting households as they navigated language barriers or concerns about immigration-related disclosures.^[30]

Communicate in several languages to meet the varied needs of mixed-status households—including in outreach efforts, application materials, and program resources.

Although 86 percent of people in HUD-assisted mixed-status households identified as Latine,^[31] community advocates and lessons from emergency rental assistance programs highlighted a wide range of language needs in addition to Spanish and English, including but not limited to: Chinese, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Korean, Hindi, Panjabi, Urdu, and Indigenous languages (e.g., Zapoteco, K’iche’).^[32] Ideally, outreach efforts to assist affected families would include written, audio, and visual materials for maximum accessibility.

Use a simple, streamlined application process with minimal documentation requirements.

Housing assistance providers can ensure that application and eligibility requirements for new programs are kept as simple and flexible as possible. For example, families can be offered a simple “opt-in” to the program, with prior enrollment in HUD assistance programs considered sufficient proof of eligibility. Enrolling in federal housing assistance requires income verification and other eligibility documentation and regular recertifications—meaning recipients have already undergone a detailed vetting process. Limiting the paperwork and types of documentation required can streamline the application process and encourage program participation. In addition, offering flexible options for completing an application—including online, in-person, or over the phone—can make it easier and faster to connect households to the program.

Facilitate quick, warm handoffs to connect families to available services and minimize disruptions.

With the household’s consent, PHAs can offer direct referrals to minimize the time between loss of HUD assistance and access to new support. Service providers offering housing navigation, for example, can help facilitate a more seamless transition for households needing to relocate. Housing navigation typically includes personalized support in identifying affordable housing options, completing application paperwork, and negotiating with landlords.

As housing providers help families relocate and meet new program requirements, they can also consider adopting a trauma-informed approach to work alongside families as they navigate forced separation from family members, displacement, or risk of homelessness.

In addition, if families have to move, school districts can allow students to stay enrolled in their original school, even if they have had to move outside of the school’s boundary area, to minimize disruption for school-aged children.

Conclusion

In the face of rapidly evolving shifts in federal policies and resulting widespread immigration raids, state and local governments and community organizations need to be able to rapidly assess and respond to sudden changes in local community needs. A renewed effort to exclude mixed-status households is one of several potentially large cuts to the number of people receiving federal housing assistance. Time will tell whether cuts to federal housing assistance will be far larger.

Many types of assistance and best practices described in this blog apply broadly to households at risk of housing insecurity and homelessness due to federal changes. The lessons above also highlight the need to tailor assistance to communities’ circumstances and needs, which will be particularly important for immigrant households experiencing heightened precarity and fear amid the Trump administration’s broader immigration enforcement and deportation actions.

Acknowledgments

We are especially grateful to the external stakeholders who informed our analysis and recommendations, including representatives from several public housing agencies, the California Immigrant Policy Center, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles, Housing Now! California, National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials, National Housing Law Project, UnidosUS, and Western Center on Law and Poverty.

Thanks to Ryan Finnigan and Christi Economy for their guidance and thoughtful contributions. The publication benefited from reviews by Terner Center colleagues: Ben Metcalf, Carolina Reid, Sarah Karlinsky, and Sheela Jivan.

We are grateful to the Fund for Housing and Opportunity for its support of the Terner Center’s work on this publication.

This research does not represent the institutional views of UC Berkeley or of the Terner Center’s funders. Funders do not determine research findings or recommendations in Terner Center’s research and policy reports.

Endnotes

^[1] U.S. Department of Homeland of Security and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2025, March). “Memorandum of Understanding Between United States Department of Homeland Security and United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.” Retrieved from: https://www.hud.gov/sites/default/files/PA/documents/DHS-HUD-MOU-032425.pdf

^[2] Carbonaro, G. (2025, September 1). “Trump Admin Makes Major Update on Section 8 Housing: What to Know.” Newsweek. Retrieved from: https://www.newsweek.com/trump-admin-update-section-8-housing-what-know-2122524

^[3] Coburn, J. (2025, September 29). “Millions Could Lose Housing Aid Under Trump Plan.” ProPublica. Retrieved from: https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-housing-reforms-aid-hud-immigration-homelessness

^[4] U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. (2025, July 16). “Housing and Community Development Act of 1980: Verification of Eligible Status (FR-6524).” Retrieved from: https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eoDetails?rrid=1022212. Plans to reintroduce the proposed rule were included in Project 2025. Please see: https://static.project2025.org/2025_MandateForLeadership_CHAPTER-15.pdf and U.S. Department of Homeland of Security and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2025, March). “Memorandum of Understanding Between United States Department of Homeland Security and United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.” Retrieved from: https://www.hud.gov/sites/default/files/PA/documents/DHS-HUD-MOU-032425.pdf

^[5] U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2022, January 22). “PHA Letter on EIV Report.” Retrieved from: https://www.hud.gov/sites/default/files/PIH/documents/PHA-Letter-on-EIV-Report.pdf

^[6] The leaked draft rule mirrors a 2019 proposal from the first Trump Administration that was eventually withdrawn under the Biden Administration.

^[7] Section 214 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1980 defines eligible immigration statuses as: U.S. citizens; U.S. nationals; lawful permanent residents; Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) petitioners; asylees; refugees; parolees; persons Granted Withholding of Removal/Deportation; Victims of Trafficking; Persons living in the United States under the Compacts of Free Association with the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and Guam; and immigrants granted lawful temporary residents under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.

^[8] Section 214 applies to the following HUD assistance programs: Public Housing, Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers, Section 8 Project-Based Housing, Section 236 and Rent Supplement Housing, Section 235 Homeownership Housing, and Housing Development Grants for low-income units only.

^[9] National Low Income Housing Coalition & National Housing Law Project. (2019, June 24). “Q&A on HUD Proposed Rule on Mixed-Status Families.” Keeping Families Together. Retrieved from: https://www.keep-families-together.org/_files/ugd/d97bc4_2cc576e88c9145259e5f79e577a7de07.pdf

^[10] Gartland, E. & Acosta, S. (2025, December 12). “Administration Plan Targeting Immigrants Would Take Away Rental Assistance, Create New Barriers.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/12-12-25hous.pdf

^[11] U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2019, April 15). “Regulatory Impact Analysis –  Housing and Community Development Act of 1980: Verification of Eligible Status.” Retrieved from: https://www.regulations.gov/document/HUD-2019-0044-0002

^[12] Tso, S. (2019, June 6). “Proposed HUD Rule  – Mixed Immigration Status in Public Housing.” Office of the Chief Legislative Analyst, City of Los Angeles. Retrieved from: https://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2019/19-0002-S91_rpt_CLA_06-06-2019.pdf

^[13] U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2019, May 10). Housing and Community Development Act of 1980: Verification of Eligible Status. Retrieved from: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/10/2019-09566/housing-and-community-development-act-of-1980-verification-of-eligible-status. The proposed rule received over 30,000 public comments, most of which expressed opposition based on the potential detrimental effects for immigrant communities and the additional administrative burdens the rule would impose. HUD was unable to finalize the rule before the end of the first Trump administration and withdrew the proposed rule under the Biden administration in 2021.

^[14] U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2025). “Draft – Housing and Community Development Act of 1980: Verification of Eligible Status.” Retrieved from: https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/26090916/eligible-status-rule.pdf

^[15] Of these, 3.8 million people lack a U.S. passport, U.S. birth certificate, U.S. Naturalization Certificate, or a U.S. Certificate of Citizenship. Rothschild, J., Novey, S., & Hanmer, M. (2025). “Who Lacks Documentary Proof of Citizenship?” Center for Democracy and Civic Engagement, University of Maryland. Retrieved from:  https://cdce.umd.edu/sites/cdce.umd.edu/files/Who%20Lacks%20Documentary%20Proof%20of%20Citizenship%20March%202025.pdf

^[16]  Bailey, A., Bailey, P., & Gartland, E. (2025). “Policymakers Can Solve Homelessness by Scaling Up Proven Solutions: Rental Assistance and Supportive Services.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/policymakers-can-solve-homelessness-by-scaling-up-proven-solutions-rental

^[17]  Ellen, I. G. (2020). What do we know about housing choice vouchers? Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol. 80, 103380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.07.003; Fischer, W., et al. (2019). Research Shows Rental Assistance Reduces Hardship and Provides Platform to Expand Opportunity for Low-Income Families. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/research-shows-rental-assistance-reduces-hardship-and-provides-platform-to-expand

^[18] Fortuna, L., et al.  (2025). “Special Report: U.S. Immigration Policy and the Mental Health of Children and Families.” Psychiatric News, 60, no. 8, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2025.08.8.19

^[19] National Housing Law Project. (2025, June). “Know Your Rights: Sharing Information about Immigration Status in HUD Housing Programs.” Retrieved from: https://www.nhlp.org/wp-content/uploads/6.24.25-KYR-Data-Sheet.pdf

^[20] U.S. Department of Homeland of Security and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2025, March). “Memorandum of Understanding Between United States Department of Homeland Security and United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.” Retrieved from: https://www.hud.gov/sites/default/files/PA/documents/DHS-HUD-MOU-032425.pdf

^[21] Castaldi, M., & Patel, U. (2025, August 6). “States Should Fund Rental Assistance as a Frontline Strategy to Address the Housing Affordability Crisis.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/states-should-fund-rental-assistance-as-a-frontline-strategy-to-address-the

^[22] Blackwell, B., & Santillano, R. (2023). Do Time-Limited Subsidy Programs Reduce Homelessness for Single Adults? California Policy Lab, University of California. Retrieved from: https://capolicylab.org/do-time-limited-subsidy-programs-reduce-homelessness-for-single-adults/; and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. (n.d). The Family Options Study. Retrieved from: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/family_options_study.html

^[23] Alin, M. (2025, September 24). “LA County Approves $30 Million Emergency Rent Relief for Wildfire Survivors, Immigrant Families.” Santa Monica Daily Press. Retrieved from: https://smdp.com/government-politics-2/la-county-approves-dollar30-million-emergency-rent-relief-for-wildfire-survivors-immigrant-families/

^[24] U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2024). 2022 AHAR: Part 2 – Annual Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S. Retrieved from: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/ahar/2022-ahar-part-2-pit-estimates-of-homelessness-in-the-us.html

^[25] Phillips, D., & Sullivan, J. (2023). “Do Homelessness Prevention Programs Prevent Homelessness? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01344; Evans, W., Sullivan, J., & Wallskog, M. (2016). “The Impact of Homelessness Prevention Programs on Homelessness.” Science, 353, no. 6300: 694–699, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag0833; and Collinson, R., et al. (2024). “The Effects of Emergency Rental Assistance During the Pandemic: Evidence from Four Cities.” National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from: https://www.nber.org/papers/w32463.

^[26] Some households losing Housing Choice Voucher assistance might also need one-time moving assistance if their current landlords choose not to continue their lease without the voucher. Voucher holders’ leases are signed with both tenants and public housing agencies, and these leases are terminated when voucher assistance ends.

^[27] Kneebone, E. (2022). “Building Local Institutional Capacity: Lessons Learned from the Emergency Rental Assistance Program.” Terner Center for Housing Innovation, UC Berkeley. Retrieved from: https://ternercenter.berkeley.edu/research-and-policy/building-local-institutional-capacity-lessons-erap/

^[28] The proposed rule to make mixed-status households wholly ineligible for housing assistance also included a “temporary deferral of termination of assistance,” where mixed-status households could keep receiving federal housing assistance for six months, with the potential of prolonging the deferral period for up to 18 months. Additionally, the proposed rule states that PHAs are responsible for creating their own policy and criteria for granting a temporary deferral of the termination of assistance.

^[29] See Assembly Bill 49: Schoolsites: Immigration Enforcement. (2025, September 20). California State Legislature. Retrieved from: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB49; and see Senate Bill 81: Health and Care Facilities: Information Sharing. (2025, September 20). California State Legislature. Retrieved from: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB81

^[30] Kneebone, E. (2022). “Building Local Institutional Capacity: Lessons Learned from the Emergency Rental Assistance Program.” Terner Center for Housing Innovation, UC Berkeley. Retrieved from: https://ternercenter.berkeley.edu/research-and-policy/building-local-institutional-capacity-lessons-erap/

^[31] Gartland, E. & Acosta, S. (2025, December 12). “Administration Plan Targeting Immigrants Would Take Away Rental Assistance, Create New Barriers.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved from: https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/12-12-25hous.pdf

^[32] Lee, J., Renteria Salome, L., & Martinez, J. (2024). “Indigenous Migrants in Los Angeles County.” Equity Research Institute, University of Southern California and Comunidades Indígenas en Liderazgo. Retrieved from: https://dornsife.usc.edu/eri/wp-content/uploads/sites/41/2025/03/ERI-Indigenous-Migrants-of-LA-Report_V9_Final_3.3.25.pdf; and Wang, S. L., &  Gonzalez, D. (2023). Linguistic Diversity and Support for Multilingual Spaces for Asian and Black Immigrants. Equity Research Institute, University of Southern California. Retrieved from: https://dornsife.usc.edu/eri/2023/10/13/linguistic-diversity-and-support-for-multilingual-spaces-for-asian-and-black-immigrants/